The Forum Romanum or Roman Forum in Ancient Rome

The Forum Romanum or Roman Forum in Ancient Rome The Roman (Forum Romanum) started as a commercial center yet turned into the financial, political, and strict center, town square, and focus of all Rome. Edges interfacing the Capitoline Hill with the Quirinal, and the Palatine with the Esquiline, encased the Forum Romanum. It is accepted that before Romans fabricated their city, the gathering region was an entombment region (8-seventh C. B.C.). Custom and archeological proof help dating the structure of specific structures (the Regia, Temple of Vesta, Shrine to Janus, Senate House, and jail) to before the Tarquin rulers. After the fall of Rome, the zone turned into a field. Archeologists accept the foundation of the gathering was the consequence of a conscious and huge scope landfill venture. Early landmarks situated there, whose remaining parts have been found, including the carcer jail, a special stepped area to Vulcan, the Lapis Niger, Temple of Vesta, and the Regia. Following the fourth century B.C. Gallic intrusion, Romans pledged and later fabricated a Temple of Concord. In 179 they constructed the Basilica Aemilia. After the demise of Cicero and the nailing of his hands and head in the gathering, the curve of Septimius Severus, different sanctuaries, sections, and basilicas were constructed and the ground cleared. Cloaca Maxima - The Great Sewer of Rome The valley of the Roman discussion was at one time a swamp with steers ways. It would turn into the focal point of Rome simply after seepage, filling, and building the extraordinary sewer or Cloaca Maxima. The Tiber floods and Lacus Curtius fill in as tokens of its watery past. The sixth century Tarquin rulers are considered answerable for the production of the incredible sewer framework dependent on the Cloaca Maxima. In the Augustan Age, Agrippa (as indicated by Dio) did fixes to it at private cost. Discussion incorporating proceeded with the Empire. The Name of the Forum Varro clarifies that the name of the Forum Romanum originates from the Latin action word conferrent, in light of the fact that individuals carry issues to court; conferrent depends on the Latin ferrent, alluding to where individuals carry product to sell. quo conferrent suas controversias, et quae vendere vellent quo ferrent, gathering appellarunt (Varro, LL v.145) The gathering is in some cases alluded to as Forum Romanum. It is likewise (once in a while) called Forum Romanum vel (et) magnum. Lacus Curtius Nearly in the focal point of the discussion is the Lacus Curtius, which, notwithstanding the name, isn't a lake (presently). It is set apart by leftovers of a special stepped area. Lacus Curtius is associated, in legend, with the Underworld. It was where a general may offer his life to assuage the divine forces of the Underworld so as to spare his nation. Such a demonstration of altruism was known as a devotio dedication. By chance, some think the gladiatorial games were another devotio, with the warriors playing out oneself penances in the interest of the city of Rome or, later, the head (source: Ch. 4 Commodus: An Emperor at the Crossroads, by Olivier Hekster; Amsterdam: J.C. Gieben, 2002 BMCR Review). Holy place of Janus Geminus Janus the Twin or geminus was supposed on the grounds that as a divine force of entryways, beginnings, and finishes, he was thought of as unscrupulous. Despite the fact that we dont know where Janus sanctuary was, Livy says it was in the lower Argiletum. It was the most significant Janus religion site. Niger Lapis Niger Lapis is Latin for dark stone. It denotes the spot where, as indicated by custom, the main lord, Romulus, was slaughtered. The Niger Lapis is currently encircled by railings. There are grayish chunks in the asphalt close to the Arch of Severus. Underneath the clearing stones is a tufa post with an antiquated Latin engraving that has been mostly cut off. Festus says the dark stone in the Comitium separates a position of internment. (Festus 184L - from Aichers Rome Alive). Political Core of the Republic In the discussion was the Republican political center: the Senate House (Curia), Assembly (Comitium), and Speakers stage (Rostra). Varro says comitium is gotten from the Latin coibant in light of the fact that Romans met up for gatherings of the Comitia Centuriata and for preliminaries. The comitium was a space before the senate that was assigned by the betokens. There were 2 curiae, the one, the curiae veteres was the place clerics took care of strict issues, and the other, the curia hostilia, worked by King Tullus Hostilius, where representatives thought about human issues. Varro ascribes the name curia to the Latin for care for (curarent). The Imperial Senate House or Curia Julia is the best safeguarded discussion building since it was changed over into a Christian church in A.D. 630. Rostra The rostra was so named in light of the fact that the speakers stage had fronts (Lat. rostra) appended to it. It is thought the fronts were connected to it following a maritime triumph in 338 B.C. [Vetera rostra alludes to the fourth century B.C. rostra. Rostra Julii alludes to the one Augustus worked at the means of his sanctuary to Julius Caesar. The boats heads embellishing it originated from the Battle at Actium.] Close by was a stage for remote envoys called the Graecostatis. In spite of the fact that the name proposes it was the spot for Greeks to stand, it was not restricted to Greek represetatives. Sanctuaries, Altars, and the Center of Rome There were different places of worship and sanctuaries in the discussion, remembering an Altar of Victory for the senate, a Temple of Concord, the overwhelming Temple of Castor and Pollux, and on the Capitoline, the Temple of Saturn, which was the site of the Republican Roman treasury, of which remainders from a late fourth C rebuilding remain. The focal point of Rome on the Capitoline side held the Mundus vault, the Milliarium Aureum (Golden Milestone), and the Umbilicus Romae (Navel of Rome). The vault was opened three-times each year, the 24 of August, 5 of November, and 8 of November. The Umbilicus is believed to be a round block ruin between the Arch of Severus and the Rostra, and was first referenced in A.D. 300. The Miliarium Aureum is a heap of stones before the Temple of Saturn set up by Augustus when he was named Commissioner of streets. Huge Places in the Forum Romanum Pool of CurtiusShrine of Janus GeminusLapis nigerSenate HouseImperial RostraTemple of ConcordGolden MilestoneUmbilicus UrbisTemple of SaturnTemple of Castor and PolluxShrine of JoturnaBasilica AemiliaPorticus - Gaius and LuciusBasilica JuliaTemple of Julius CaesarTemple of VespasianArch of Septmius SeverusPortico of the Consenting GodsColumn of Phocas Source Aicher, James J., (2005). Rome Alive: A Source-Guide to the Ancient City, Vol. I, Illinois: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. The Roman Forum from Cicero's perspective, by Walter Dennison. The Classical Journal, Vol. 3, No. 8 (Jun., 1908), pp. 318-326. On the Origins of the Forum Romanum, by Albert J. Ammerman. American Journal of Archeology, Vol. 94, No. 4 (Oct., 1990), pp. 627-645.

Physico-Chemical Analysis of Sugar Industry Effluents

Physico-Chemical Analysis of Sugar Industry Effluents Physico-Chemical Analysis of Sugar Industry Effluents of Gayathri Sugar Factory Nizamabad region, Telangana state Bondugula Vanitha, Dr. Nirmala Babu Rao, Theoretical Present work depends on the physico †compound examination of effluents discharged from gayathri Sugar Factory. Sugar plants place a significant moving dirtying the water bodies by releasing a lot of waste water as gushing. The sugar factory gushing are having high measure of Suspended solids, break down solids, BOD, COD, Chlorides, Sulfates, Nitrates, Calcium and Magnesium. The Continuous utilization of the Effluents destructively influences the harvests when utilized for Irrigation. It was discovered that the sugar businesses expend enormous measure of water and discharged practically equivalent sum gushing containing profoundly poisonous material in strong and break up structure. Sugar Factory effluents was all the more most noticeably awful like Average estimations of lower PH (6.2), high temperature (42ã ¢- ¦c), chloride (862mg/lit), complete hardness (571mg/lit), calcium (362 mg/Lit), Magnesium (211 mg/Lit), all out solids (2452 mg/Lit), Total Dissolved solids (1915 mg/L it), Total Suspended Solids (542 mg/Lit), Nitrate (0.8 Mg/Lit), Phosphate (9.8mg/Lit), Sulfate (49.3 mg/Lit) and Oil Grees (87.8 mg/Lit). Lastly this water is Unsafe for local and horticulture purposes. Thusly it ought to be reused and used for Industrial reason as it were. Catchphrases: Gayathri Sugar Factory, Sugar Factory Effluents, Physico Chemical Analysis Presentation: Sugar factories assume a significant job in contaminating the water, land and air. Generally the toxins are through effluents and perilous synthetic substances as air (1). Sugar industry assumes a significant job in the monetary turn of events, yet the effluents discharged will create a high natural contamination in both amphibian and earthbound and air environments (2). Metals and non-metallic components can be valuable for the rural seed germination and development, however in high fixation they show an unfavorable impact (3). Effluents likewise influence attributes like widely varied vegetation of accepting amphibian bodies, emanating released in nature represents a genuine wellbeing risk to the country and semi-urban populaces that utilization stream and waterway water for agribusiness and household purposes. Harm to paddy crops because of sugar industry squander waters entering horticultural land have been accounted for (4). It had been accounted for that the lower convergence o f sugar production line emanating builds the seedling development (56). As sugar industrial facility gushing not treated appropriately, it will have a terrible scent when it is discharged into condition (7). Ranchers utilizing effluents water for water system to lessen water request have discovered that plant development and harvest yield were decreased and soil contaminated(8). This is likewise causing passings of residence creatures of such contaminated water have been accounted for progressively (9). MATERIALS METHODS: The effluents from Gayathri sugar processing plant was gathered during the start of blustery season (2013 July - 2014 June) in the glass bottles from the release channel and appropriately fixed. It was safeguarded by adding synthetic concoctions to dissect in the lab, for the appraisal of different physico-compound qualities a normalized convention of APHA (10) was utilized. RESULTS DISSCUSSION Shading According to the current examination, the shade of untreated profluent was dull earthy. The photosynthesis movement is seen as diminished because of dim tinge likewise influencing different parameters like temperature DO and BOD and so forth. Temperature Temperature assumes a significant job in certain compound and natural responses occurring in water which influences organism’s metabolic movement. It relies on season, time inspecting and so on. The emanating which had been discharged from the business has commonly high temperature and it influences land. The temperature of untreated gushing was recorded 43 °C. The temperature of the release ought not surpass 35 °C. The high tem for example 43 °C of the untreated gushing has unfavorably influenced the procedure. pH In the current investigation, pH estimations of treated and untreated are 5.8 and 6.2 individually. Agreeing BIS norms pH of the effluents ought to be in the scope of 6.5 to 8.0. These low pH estimations of both treated and untreated examples are because of use of phosphoric corrosive and Sulfur dioxide during the way toward cleaning of sugar stick juice. In the event that such water is utilized for water system for a more drawn out period the dirt becomes acidic bringing about poor harvests development and yield. Broken up Oxygen The examination of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) is one of the significant factors in water contamination and waste water control. Sea-going environment thoroughly relies upon DO as it were. It impacts the metabolic exercises of microorganism were very much recorded. As indicated by the BIS guidelines, the DO of emanating ought to be inside the range 4 to 6 mg/lit. In the current investigation, DO of the untreated gushing example was recorded 1.16 and 2.23g/lit separately which is adequately low than the BIS Indian standard qualities. Body Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) is characterized as measure of oxygen required by microorganism while balancing out natural decomposable natural issue in water under vigorous conditions. The BO is a moderate procedure in oxidation; natural contaminations are oxidized by microorganisms into carbon dioxide, water utilizing broke up Oxygen. In the current investigation, the BOD of the untreated emanating was 86mg/lit. As per BIS Indian standard the BOD ought not surpass the 50 mg/l. COD The compound Oxygen request test portrays the measure of oxygen required for substance oxidation of natural issue with the assistance of solid synthetic oxidant. The COD is a test which is utilized to gauge the sum or amount of contamination which has been discharged by local and mechanical waste. COD is valuable to decide the specific harmful condition and nearness of organic issues. In the current investigation, the COD of the untreated effluents was 460 mg/l. In untreated gushing it is apparently high contrasted with BIS standard (250 mg/L). This demonstrates a high measure of natural toxins in the example. TDS The absolute broke up solids fixation in the emanating speak to the colloidal structure and disintegrated apparitions. The pace of crash accumulated procedure is additionally affected by pH of this gushing. In the stormy season less convergence of absolute broke up solids are acquired because of weakening of waste gushing with downpour water. In the current examination, the complete solids in untreated gushing were 1958 mg/lit. The examples in TDS values are a lot higher contrasted with BIS Indian Standards (500 mg/L). TSS Suspended solids are the reason for suspended molecule inside the water body affecting turbidity. Concurring the current examination, the suspended solids of untreated profluent were542mg/l Chlorides The nearness of chloride in normal water is ascribed to disintegration of salt store, release of effluents from compound ventures oil well activities. In the current investigation chlorides of untreated was 862 mg/l. Sulfate Sulfate can likewise be created an oxidizing activity as in the oxidation activity. Sulfur itself has never been constraining variable in amphibian framework. In the current investigation, sulfate in untreated profluent was 493 mg/l agreeing BIS Indian norm, the sulfate ought not surpass 100 mg/l. Oil and oil In the current examination, oil and oil present in un-treated gushing indicated 87.8mg/l oil and oil esteems are higher than BIS guidelines. Table: 1 Regular variety in the Physico-Chemical parameters of the un-treated sugar plant effluents (during time of 2013 July - 2014 June) Table: 2 The Physico-synthetic parameters of untreated sugar factory gushing End The Gayathri sugar industry arranged at Nizamabad locale, Telangana State is one of the great plants. It has own refinery unit in its own premises for squander which is produced from the sugar industrial facility. The sugar business needs alteration in gushing treatment. In this way the sugar business emanating which is untreated displays high COD, BOD, and TDS content. Furthermore, low substance of DO which is poisonous to plants and creatures, so it isn't reasonable for water system. The sugar business emanating is profoundly dirtied and they don't fulfill the BIS Indian standard qualities

Essay Samples About the United States Foreign Service

Essay Samples About the United States Foreign ServiceThe purpose of the essay samples about the United States foreign service is to help you assess the quality of instruction that is required to be accomplished in order to be successful in a graduate degree program. When you consider that only about half of the people who pursue a graduate degree in this field will actually complete their program, it is clear that you are not going to get the quality instruction that is required for your program.In fact, there is a great deal of work involved in the graduate program itself and a great deal of time spent on traveling throughout the United States to reach various universities in this field. It should be apparent that the skills required here are very different from those required in any other graduate program.The grad program that I attend requires that you have some writing experience if you want to get through this graduate degree program. And that is something that is very important . That is why we use these essay samples about the United States foreign service as a means of helping you assess the nature of the writing you need to do to get through the program.Some people think that this essay sample about the United States foreign service is somewhat of a waste of time because of the fact that they cannot assess what they are expected to write. But if you realize that there is going to be a writing component to your graduate degree program, it is necessary for you to go beyond this essay sample about the United States foreign service and to work with a professional editor in order to assist you in the writing.In addition, if you don't know where to begin or how to proceed with the writing, you can speak to your academic adviser. They can assist you with your writing efforts and help you create a strong first draft.While many students do not pay much attention to essays when they enter their graduate degree program, these essay samples about the United States foreign service are very important. If you did not take the time to look at these essays, you could be missing out on valuable experience that could be quite helpful in your graduate program.In fact, if you don't succeed in completing your doctoral dissertation, this could seriously affect your chances of receiving a Ph.D. If you do get your dissertation published, this will be proof that you have the ability to succeed in your own writing endeavors. In fact, many of the professors who have published their dissertations will use these essay samples about the United States foreign service as a way of assessing your own writing abilities.You should always make it a point to write well and to understand the principles of good writing. When you have the most excellent examples available, you should be able to write well regardless of the situation.

Social Psychology - 1703 Words

Introduction Social orientation is the recognition of human psychology and behavior. The emphasis on human thought, emotion, and behavior was to represent the thought, emotion, and behavior of members of a social group. Thomas Hobbes declared that the social groups are nothing more than a collection of individuals and that of social thought, emotion, and behavior, governed by the pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain (Greenwood, 2009). Cognitive psychology represents the distinction amongst the human mind and a computer that suggest that humans have the ability to process information from around the world just as computer. Cognitive psychology is not old but the newest part of psychology where the information we receive through our†¦show more content†¦Hall’s studies of child development of children, adolescents, and of old age designed a roadway for some of the famous psychologist to study their own children for research purposes. Jean Piaget (1896 – 1980) conducted a research study of his own children to the stages of cognitive development. The research that Piaget conducted indicated that the children were an organism that has the tendency to grasps to certain environments. He also suggested that children tend to go through the same stages of development and there seem to be no individual differences. The stages that Piaget used to conduct his research were the sensorimotor stage (0-2), the pre-operational stage (2-7), the concrete operational stage (7-11), and the formal operational stage (11-15). In the sensorimotor stage (0-2), the child is entirely egocentric; everything is a reflection of them. The children cannot determine the difference amongst themselves and the environment. At this stage the children have no recollection of the past and the future; each may focus on what is going on at that moment in time. The children may rely on the senses of sight, touch, and hearing. 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Sources of Business Laws - 3301 Words

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Designing An Effective User Interface Essay - 1627 Words

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Importance Of Reward Management - Click To Get Free Sample

Question: Discuss the importance of reward management and organizations use two types of rewards as employee incentives? Answer: Introduction The concept of reward system has been introduced for acknowledging the efforts and contribution of the employees towards the overall goal attainment of the business organization. This reward system management mainly concerns with rewarding the deserving candidates in the workplace based on their worth for the business and in the fair and just manner (Armstrong and Cummins, 2011). The management system is accounted to be an effective tool used by Human Resource management team while managing the performance of the employees in the organization. This essay has dealt with the assessment of significance of reward system management for the business organization and why organizations use two types of rewards as incentives for the employees. Importance of reward management The key importance of reward system in the organization it helps in motivating the employees and encourages them to perform better. This management system enables the organizational leaders to boost up the employees retention ability of the organization and thus, develop a stronger bond between the employees and organization (Aguinis, 2009). There are different types of rewards which are given to the employees such as, the minimum wage, earnings, share options, merit increase and long term incentive plans. Minimum Wage: The minimum wage system is considered to be the compensation provided by the business organization for the time and effort of the employees and which is provided to the employees as a counter balance. This is the monetary form of compensation which is paid to the employee for the service, the person is providing to the company. Irrespective of the nature and job and organization all the employees are provided with the minimum salary for their service in the organization (Armstrong, 2007). Based on the skill and qualification required for the job a standard minimum wage or salary is provided to the employee staffs. This is also acting as the reward that the person is provided with by the organization for the expertise and support and for this purpose a minimum wage is decided. However, based on the productivity some additional amounts are also given as the reward system of the company. The rewarding system in shape of minimum wage is one of the effective and most widely used methods f ollowed by most of the business organizations. From the general point of view the amount of minimum wage or salary symbolizes the value of the employee in the organization and the higher the amount it is considered to be more prestigious for the employees. Earnings: ]The earnings system is another effective form of providing incentives to the employees in the process of reward management system. This is the extrinsic form of reward or can be realized in the monetary terms such as the periodic bonus or incentive provided to the achievement of any target by the employee. The earnings is the additional amount of money that the employee can get over and above normal amount of reimbursement for the extra effort made by the employee for the achievement of certain target of the company (Armstrong, Brown and Reilly, 2010). The earnings act like an incentive used by company in the process of encouraging the employees to give their extra effort. This is also considered to be a primary form of rewarding the employees and which is also appreciated among the workforce of the organization mainly in the manufacturing sector. The earnings system has been developed from the concept that the extra efforts of the employees assist a firm to generate more earnings a nd company share a part of its earnings with the deserving employees. Thus, the rewarding policy through earnings is shaped to gain the satisfaction of the employees and motivate them to give their extra effort (Brown, 2014). Share Options: Offering the share options is another form of reward system used by the companies. The offering of share options as the rewards is not found in all business organizations but, this is recognized as a common method of recognition which is offered to the employees by the companies. Mainly the higher levels of employees are rewarded with share options. This is considered to be a prestigious form of reward that an employee can get for the service as; by offering the shares the management offers a part of ownership of the business to the employee (Korzynski, 2013). Thus, the worth or value of the employee is recognized and the higher level employees are further motivated to shape more effective strategies for the company and help the business to uplift its performance. The share options provided to the employees not only offer them the share of business ownership but, the employee also gets the additional benefit of getting the share of periodic profits in shape of dividend. Thus, it can be said that this form of rewarding system can help the organizations to offer the extrinsic reward to the employees. Merit Increase: The use of merit increase system is the way established by the organizational leaders to pay for the performance of the employees other than the normal pays. The term merit has been used as the pay is based on the performance and based on the past records or improvement in the merit list of the employee that the rewarding amount is ascertained. The amount is used as the increased pay that the employee would get on the continuous basis with the basis pay or salary. The merit increase amount is decided depending on the improvement of performance of the employees studied for the specific time period (Mikkelsen, et al., 2015). Other factors taken into account for deciding the amount is the pay trend in the market and prevailing economic situation of the economy. This type of rewarding system is one of the most used from of rewarding the employees, followed by the organizational leaders. The merit increase system is used for acknowledging the performance of the employee over the longer time period, and also provides the employee a competitive amount to the employees that helps them to cope up with the increased cost of living (Bamberger et al., 2014). Therefore, this kind of reward system help the employees to uplift their standard of living and this is highly appreciated by the employees. Long Term Incentive Plan: The long term incentives plans are generally used by the HR management group so as to help uplift the long term performance of the employees in the workplace. The rewarding system has been designed with a strategic interest of the company it aims to retain the skill and expertise back into the business for the longer time period. Nevertheless, as the system is based on long term basis therefore, there are certain conditions that the employee needs to fulfil in the course of employment (Naile and Selesho, 2014). Within the considered span of time the employee will have to prove his or her worth in the company by helping in elevating the overall productivity of the company. Generally, the company offers its shares to the employee but, the entire ownership of the specified number of shares, is parted and the employee would be able enjoy the reward gradually. This is mainly done to ensure the long term relationship between the company and its employee or executive and thus, a strategy us ed to reduce the rate of employee turnover (Perkins and White, 2011). Moreover, this reward system not only ensures a long stay of the employee with the company but also encourage the person to improve the performance in the due course. Organizations use two types of rewards as employee incentives With continuous changes of the business environment has given birth to a number of new dynamics when it comes to management of the human resources. The organizational managers are considering a number of newer methods of motivating the employees to help them to uplift the standard of their performance and also to improve the bonding of the company and its employees (Armstrong Taylor, 2014). Therefore, from the broader perspective there are two basic forms of reward systems the extrinsic and intrinsic rewards are offered by organizations as the two major forms of rewards. Where the extrinsic is considered to be the traditional and most used form of reward system, the rewards which come in the monetary forms are known as the extrinsic rewards. Few decades back the incentives or rewards in the monetary forms were hugely recognized among the employees with the shift in the perceptions and dynamics, as per the present work culture intrinsic rewards are mainly preferred by the employees. Therefore, owing to shifts in the market the business organizations too had to modify its offerings for the employees. This is true that money is the basic factor that the employees are servicing in the business organizations (Thomas, 2016). However, at present the employees consider the aspects of flexible time, job rotations, job enrichments, more responsibilities and offering more motivating and exciting jobs to employees are highly demand rather than only getting the extrinsic rewards. The intrinsic rewards highly motivate the employees to stretch their limits while performing in the organizations. This is the main reason that the organizations are uses both the types rewards for recognizing the performance of the employees and motivating them. Therefore, most of the leading multinational like Toyota, Ford, Tesco, IBM, AZ Banks and many others from different sectors are highly regarding the intrinsic rewards for stimulating their work forces. The extrinsic rewards are fulfilling the basic needs of the employees yet; the intrinsic rewards are providing the employees with the sense of meaningfulness, competence and progress (Armstrong, 2012). This is the main reason that the organizations are trying thriving hard to meet with the psychological requirements of the employees by providing them intrinsic and extrinsic as well as rewards. Such as Tesco is offering a range of competitive benefits and incentives which is also instrumental with the labour laws of the country. The company is offering 75 percent coverage for the medical requirements of the employees in US and is also offering the tuition subsidy in South Korea for the children of their employees. During 2010 the company rewarded their 216000 employees with 105.5 million value shares under the scheme Shares In Success (Rewards and benefits - Tesco PLC, 2016). However, apart from the extrinsic rewards the company is also offering the extrinsic rewards as well such as offering flexible time for working, maternity leave, job sharing, part time jobs and many more. Recommendations From the shifts in the management system of human resource this is apparent that motivating the employees for performance enhancement has always been one of the core aspects of the organizational leaders. This is where the consideration of reward management plays a pivotal role and enabling the organizational managers to reward the employees in the most able manner. Nevertheless, at present the intrinsic rewards are highly appreciated by the employees beside the extrinsic. Therefore, this is highly desirable for the companies irrespective of the nature and size that they should value their employees by offering them more responsibilities in the workplace (Armin, 2010). The job enrichment gives the employees the sense of belonging in the organization and they try to prove their worth with added responsibilities. Further offering the incentives of flexible timing accompanied with more holidays encourages the employees to accelerate their productivity and efficiency when the employees are at work. This would be further suggestible that all organizations should use the intrinsic benefits along with extrinsic rewards to boost the morale of the employees and encourage them to give their best to the organization, corporate with the entire team and learn more. Conclusion This can be concluded from that the reward management system, at present is used as the essential devise to design the performance and motivate the morale of the employees in the workplaces. There are different forms rewards like the bonus, fringe benefits, increments and others or the extrinsic type of reward but, the intrinsic type is equally important in the proves of valuing the employees or human assets of the organization. References Aguinis, H. 2009,Performance management. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Armin, F. 2010, Neural Correlates of the Influence of Extrinsic Rewards on Intrinsic Motivation.Front. Neurosci., vol. 4. Armstrong, M. 2007,A handbook of employee reward management and practice. London: Kogan Page. Armstrong, M. 2012, Armstrong's handbook of reward management practice. London: Kogan Page. Armstrong, M. and Cummins, A. 2011,The reward management toolkit. London: Kogan Page. Armstrong, M., Taylor, S. 2014,Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Armstrong, M., Brown, D. and Reilly, P. 2010,Evidence-based reward management. London: Kogan Page. Bamberger, P. A., Biron, M., Meshoulam, I. 2014,Human resource strategy: Formulation, implementation, and impact. Routledge. Brown, D. 2014, The Future of Reward Management: From Total Reward Strategies to Smart Rewards.Compensation Benefits Review, vol. 46, no. 3, pp.147-151. Korzynski, P. 2013, Employee motivation in new working environment.International Journal of Academic Research, vol. 5, no. 5, pp.184-188. Mikkelsen, M., Jacobsen, C. and Andersen, L. 2015, Managing Employee Motivation: Exploring the Connections Between Managers Enforcement Actions, Employee Perceptions, and Employee Intrinsic Motivation.International Public Management Journal, pp.1-23. Naile, I. and Selesho, J. 2014, The Role of Leadership in Employee Motivation.MJSS. Perkins, S. and White, G. 2011, Reward management. London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. Rewards and benefits - Tesco PLC. 2016, [online] Tescoplc.com. Available at: https://www.tescoplc.com/site/library/policiesandfactsheets/rewards-and-benefits.htm [Accessed 7 Mar. 2016]. Thomas, K. 2016,The Four Intrinsic Rewards that Drive Employee Engagement | Ivey Business Journal. [online] Iveybusinessjournal.com. Available at: https://iveybusinessjournal.com/publication/the-four-intrinsic-rewards-that-drive-employee-engagement/ [Accessed 7 Mar. 2016].

A Comparison of Imperial Systems in the 16th and 17th Centuries essays

A Comparison of Imperial Systems in the 16th and 17th Centuries essays Though they were all designed for the purpose of establishing and controlling massive colonization, the imperial systems of France, Spain, and England in the 16th and 17th centuries were vastly different. There were many reasons for these differences. These reasons range from the philosophy of the countrys rulers to purely geographic purposes to the personalities of the settlers themselves. The colonial systems also had different reasons for their existence, based on the political situation in the countries. Like most other things in life, the push towards colonial empires was powered by a greed for wealth. During the timeframe of this paper, mercantilism was the predominant economic theory. This theory states that the power of a country is directly proportional to the amount of wealth stored within its treasury. This wealth was acquired through trade. Towards the end of the 15th century, Spain was searching for a way to replentish its treasury, which had been wiped out by war. In an attempt to recover this wealth through expanded trade, Spain sent an expedition to find a fast trade route to the far east, where Marco Polo had encountered miraculous items of wealth one hundred years before. Unlike previous explorers who had searched for faster trade routes, the leader of this expedition would head West. In the process, he would stumble upon what would become the Americas, and lay the groundwork for permanent European settlement. It is important to keep in mind that the Spanish did not see the American Colonies as the future home for many of its citizens, they were simply there to extract wealth and ship it home to fill the Spanish treasuries. This fact is what allowed the Spanish to get along with the locals. They had no desire to flush the natives out to clear room for more settlers from Europe. In fact, the Spanish practiced Encomienda, in which all natives in their colonies were considered full and equal citizens of th...

Smithfield Foods Company

Smithfield Foods Company Background description on Smithfield Foods Company Smithfield Foods Company produces and manufactures pork and pork products. It is the largest pork producing company in the world. The company was established in 1936 and the current headquarters are based in Virginia. Smithfield Field raises approximately 14 millions pigs annually.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Smithfield Foods Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The company processes about 27 million pigs are each year, to produce pork and beef products. Various brand names are used in the global markets to represent the pork and beef products. Smithfield has experienced various challenges in offering better products in the market. The management has made efforts to improve the performance of the company, and to reduce the negative effects of its activities (Smithfield Foods website, 2011). The implementation of Customer Relationship Management will help improve the performance of the company, both internally and externally. The challenges facing the company will be resolved by installing and implementing eth CRM system. However, the management should have strategies of ensuring that the system is successful because there will be various challenges to be experienced during the implementation process (Thomas, 2011). The issues and challenges facing Smithfield Foods Company According to Hirsch and Person (2009), Smithfield experiences many problems concerning its relationship with customers, employees, environment groups, and other stakeholders in the industry. The customers of the company have complained about exploitative process imposed to the products of the company. The company has been able to dominate the global market, and this makes it impose prices discriminatively (Pride Ferrell, 2008). Smithfield has been sued for its poor waste management practices. It was alleged that the company disposes untreated animal waste into wa terways. This has affected the health standards of the workers and the neighboring communities. Cases of bad animal waste stenches have been reported by the people living around the company (Fainaru, 2009). A fine of $12.6 was issued to the company in 1997 for violating Clean Water Act. Despite the efforts made by the company to operate in a clean environment, the company has been alleged to spread swine flu due to its poor waste management practices.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It was reported that the company failed to dispose dead animal bodies, and dogs would consume the carcasses. In addition, people living around the company were reported to complain about headaches. Therefore, the outbreak of H1N1 in 1999 was linked to the company (Squier, 2011). The company has also been practicing poor animal handling. The pigs live in crates which are too small. In addition, transportation of the animals is done poorly such that some animals end up dying on the way. Animal abuse has been reported, and this has affected the demand for the products of the company. The need to know the source of foods found in the market has increased, and this has created the need for customers to seek information about the process of manufacturing as well as production of food components. As such, the treatment of animals has become important in determining good practices by manufacturers. This has affected the market for the products produced by Smithfield Foods Company because the company has been mishandling animals (Thomas, 2011). In addition, most of the customers are concerned about the welfare of the employees’ working conditions. The company has been sued severally for its poor workplace conditions. The management of the company interferes with the operations of the labor union of the employees. This makes it possible for the company to oppres s its employees because it can easily manipulate the rules of the union. For example, in 1994 and 1997, the United Food and Commercial Workers Union (UFCW) sued the Smithfield Foods Company for manipulating elections of the union. The National Labor Relations Board had issued injunction to the management of the company to stop interfering with the activities of the union. In 2006, the management of the company failed to provide finances for conducting fair elections at the union. Due to the unfair practices of the company employees have held several public demonstrations to protest the behavior of the company (Bacon, 2008).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Smithfield Foods Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The UFCW called for mass boycott of Smithfield’ products in 2007 and this affected consumer perception about the products of the company. The campaign affected the image of the company’s p roducts in the domestic and global markets. Even though an agreement to stop the boycott was reached between the UFCW and the company, the demand for the products from the company has been affected due to the poor working conditions of the company. In addition, the image of the company has been tarnished, and the company may lose its global market share in the near future. Smithfield has encounter other disputes which have caused it incur a lot of fines. For example, in 2009 the company was penalized $900,000 for engaging in illegal merger (Pope Treacy, 2011). The benefit CRM will bring to Smithfield Foods Company By adopting Customer Relationship Management (CRM) strategies, the company will interact with customers. This will help identify the problems that customers may have concerning the products offered by the company to the market. The company will identify changes in consumer demand, and any aspect of the products that the customers may wish to be added. With the implementat ion of CRM, the customers will be able to convey information to the company. This will help the employees to develop products according to the specific needs of the customers. Since the company has many customers, and operates in many countries, the introduction of CRM will help get in touch with all customers by establishing appropriate information collection system (Sunil, Krishnan Fornell, 2005). The CRM system will help the company identify complaints from customers and other stakeholders. By installing an electronic CRM, the management of the company will easily monitor the feedbacks provided by stakeholders.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Communication with relevant departments will also enhance the provision of appropriate remedies to the prevailing problems. The company requires using the information obtained from the customers to develop strategies of improving the welfare of its employees, animals and to maintain appropriate environmental standards (Eugene, Fornell Mazvancheryl, 2004). Developing custom-made products will be possible by applying the CRM strategy. The company will be able to identify the specific needs of the customers, and this will be incorporated in the product design, performance strategies as well as improving the environmental conditions. Therefore, the company will achieve higher customer satisfaction, and this will lead to higher profits being made. Consumer loyalty will also be achieved when customers are satisfied (Hennig, 2000). Customers develop a repurchase behavior when they are satisfied by the products and services of a certain company. The high levels of customer satisfaction wil l help improve the market position of the products of the company. As such, the company will achieve a higher competitive position in the domestic and global market. This will help improve the sales made by the company, and ultimately it will be able to dominate the global markets (Asim Mela, 2003). Developing appropriate marketing campaigns will be possible by the use of CRM. Smithfield has experienced boycott campaigns against its products in the past. By applying CRM, the company will be able to overcome challenges it encountered in the past where the image of its products was tarnished. The application of CRM will neutralize the negative campaigns provided by the UFCW (National Labor Relations Board, 2008). According to Shimp (2010), conducting corporate social responsibility will be possible by applying CRM. The company has experienced moments of poor brand image in the global image, and there is need to develop strategies of promoting the image of the brands of the company by conducting corporate social responsibility activities. These activities will help build a better product image among all consumers of the company’s products. Identifying the social needs of the communities where the company operates in will be possible by implementing the CRM strategy. The company can collect information from all stakeholders concerning projects which are essential for improving the status of the communities (Ruth, Kannan, Bramlett, 2000). By conducting CSR activities, the company will develop better relationship with the communities where it operates in, and thi9s will help improve the image of the company in the global markets. Meeting the social needs of the communities will help resolve some problems the company has been facing in the past. For example, the challenge of environmental cleanliness can be dealt with more easily by mobilizing communities to help clean up the water ways. By installing appropriate facilities to protect the communities from be ing affected by the animal waste will also help improve the relationship with the neighboring communities. This implies that the company will develop strategies of promoting better environment by collecting information from the neighboring communities by the use of CRM tools (Owyang, 2010). The type of CRM system that is best suited for Smithfield Foods Company The use of closed-loop CRM is the most applicable for Smithfield Foods Company. The closed-loop CRM helps customize marketing campaigns and measures their effectiveness. This helps improve the overall performance of an organization. Through the closed-loop CRM system, the company will measure how effective the organizational systems are. It also predicts the customer behavior in the future. The available data is modeled to predict the behavior of consumers in future. The system also allows managers to act upon the observed behavior of customers. Since Smithfield Foods Company aims at improving the overall satisfaction of all stakeholders, using the closed-loop CRM system will be the most applicable because it will help identify the factors affecting all stakeholders (Kale, 2009). The types of multi-channels venues the company should adopt in this CRM approach The first channel is measuring the extent of CRM. This means that the company will measure the success of implementing the CRM by the use of profits, sales volume or any other organizational aspect. The measures should be easy to quantify so that the management can know the extent to which the company has achieved change after implementing the new strategies (Kale, 2009). The other channel will involve acting to accomplish the CRM system is taking action. After identifying the appropriate CRM to be applied, the management must act on the strategies to ensure that they are impended. This will ensure that the entire process is complete. This channel ensures that the strategies are implemented according to the requirements of the customers and other s takeholders (Foss Stone, 2002). Predicting is the last channel in the implementation of the CRM channel. This will help determine the future requirements of the company. Prediction provides the management with the necessary strategies for improving the performance of employees to achieve the changing market conditions. By applying the current market variables, the management can predict the market performance or the behavior of customers in the near future (Kale, 2009). The areas of support the company needs for a successful implementation of CRM The company will need support in financing the implementation of the system. Installing a workable CRM requires having enough capital resources. The funds can be sourced internally or from external sources. The company should be ready to pay all expenses associated with any method of providing funds to finance the process. In addition, the company will require support in the areas of professional skills. There implementation of the CRM pro cess requires the use of appropriate professions to ensure that the entire process is successful. To achieve this, the management will be required to outsource people with skills to perform the activities of implementing the CRM process. Alternatively, The Company can train its employees to implement the CRM internally. This will reduce the costs; however, the internal employees may not have all the skills required in the implementation of the CRM process (Dyche, 2002). The company should consider outsourcing its software Smithfield Foods Company should use outsourced CRM system. This is a system whereby the company makes a contract with another company to supply with CRM system. This type of system is the most suitable because Smithfield Foods does not specialize in manufacturing and developing CRM system. Outsourcing the system will improve on the quality of CRM system developed for the operation of the company’s activities. In addition, developing the CRM system might requ ire special skills and professions, and these may be costly for the company. Outsourcing the system will also help save the time that would have been used to developed the system by the employees of the company (Kale, 2009). Some of the hardware’s the company needs to consider Smithfield Foods Company will need to install internet systems in almost all departments of the company. In addition, computers and computer peripherals will be required to capture the required data. The use of data capturing and analysis tools will help implement the strategy of the company. With the use of internet system, the stakeholders of the company will be able t communicate with the management of the company. The company will be required to install data recovery system. This will help retrieve data in case the system is affected by viruses or any other malicious damage. Soft copy and hardcopy of the most valuable data should be kept as a security measure (Kale, 2009). How the company will addre ss the changes in organization To address the changes in the organization, the management will be required to communicate with all the stakeholders to inform them about the expected changes. A discussion should be introduced to allow all stakeholders provide their opinions concerning the new system of management. The employees should be prepared psychologically to allow them accept the new system of operation. This will help change their mindset so that they can easily adapt to the new system. This will help reduce conflicts as a result of rejection of the new system. In addition, the skills of the employees will have to be aligned with the new system of operation. For instance, employees will have to be trained on how to use the communication system so that they can acquire better skills (Kale, 2009). In addition, the employees will have to be trained on the technologies required to collect data from the customers and other stakeholders. Business partners with the company will have to be informed and involved in the transition process. As such, the ideas of the business partners will be of great importance because they will enable the management to improve on its operational systems. Suppliers to the company will have to be communicated about the new demand and needs of the company. Change in the products supplied will be essential because better materials will be required to improve the quality of pork manufactured. Communicating with suppliers will also improve the process of production. Materials required in the waste management process will be required (Kale, 2009). Issues relating to implementation of a successful e-CRM Successful implementation of CRM system will help reduce conflicts between Smithfield Foods Company and its customers. The company will be able too develop better strategies of improving customers’ satisfaction. Therefore, the level of customer loyalty will be high after implementing the CRM system. The system will also improve the corporate social responsibility of the company. By the use of the CRM, the management of the company will develop better strategies of improving the welfare of the communities where it operates (Shin, 2005). In addition, the company will have better strategies of dealing with waste emanating from the production and manufacturing process. The conflicts between the company and environmental activist groups will be eliminated because the company will easily communicate with the stakeholders to identify any necessary changes in the strategic management of the company. Therefore, the CRM system will improve the status of all stakeholders of the company, and this will help improve the profits, competitiveness and market position in the domestic and global markets (Kale, 2009). Management of CRM To manage the CRM system of the company in the long-term, the management will be required to develop a Research and Development (RD) team to carry out research about changes in consumer behavior. The team will monitor the system and any improvements will be done accordingly. It is important for the RD team to identify the best solutions to the challenges facing the company. The team should also predict the future expectations of consumer behavior. The management should work in collaboration with the RD team to develop appropriate strategies. In addition, the ideas from external and external stakeholders should be collected to ensure they are involved in the decision making process. The CRM system will have to be developed according to prevailing customer needs. Since customers are the final users of the products of the company, their opinions should be highly valued. Therefore, the company should have a good relationship with its customers so that they can provide the necessary information about developing the CRM system (Kale, 2009). List of References Asim, A. Mela, C. F. 2003, â€Å"E-Customization.† Journal of Marketing Research, 40 (2), 131–145. Bacon, D. , 2008, Illegal people: how globalization creates migration and criminalizes immigrants, Massachusetts: Beacon Press. Dyche, J. 2002, The CRM handbook: a business guide to customer relationship management, New York: Addison-Wesley Professional. Eugene W. A. Fornell, C. Mazvancheryl, S. K. 2004, â€Å"Customer Satisfaction and Shareholder Value.† Journal of Marketing, 68 (3), 172–185. Fainaru, S. 2009, Mexicans Blame Industrial Hog Farms, The Washington Post, May 10, 2009. Foss, B, Stone, M. 2002, CRM in financial services : a practical guide to making customer relationship management work, London: Kogan Page. Hennig, T. 2000, Relationship marketing: gaining competitive advantage through customer satisfaction and customer retention: with 24 tables, Berlin: Springer. Hirsch, J. A. Person, J. L. 2009, Commodity Traders Almanac 2010, New jersey: John Wiley and Sons. Kale, V. 2009, A guide to implementing Siebelcrm, New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Education. National Labor R elations Board (eds), 2008, Decisions and Orders of the National Labor Relations Board, National Labor Relations Board (U.S.), 347. Owyang, J. 2010, Altimeter Report: The 18 Use Cases of Social CRM, The New Rules of Relationship Management. Web. Pope, C. L. Treacy, D. H. 2011, Corporate social responsibility report 2008/09. Web. Pride, W. M. Ferrell, O. C. 2008, Marketing Express, Massachusetts: Cengage Learning. Ruth, B., Kannan, P. K. Bramlett, M. D. 2000, â€Å"Implications of Loyalty Program Membership and Service Experiences for Customer Retention and Value.† Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 28 (1), 95–108. Shimp, T. A. 2010, Advertising, promotion, and other aspects of integrated marketing communications. Mason, Ohio: South-Western Cengage Learning. Shin, N. 2005, Strategies for generating e-business returns on investment, Hershey, PA: Idea Group. Smithfield Foods website. Squier, S. M. 2011, Poultry science, chicken culture: a partial alphabet, Ne w Brunswick, N.J: Rutgers University Press. Sunil, M., Krishnan, M. S. Fornell, C. 2005, â€Å"Why Do Customer Relationship Management Applications Affect Customer Satisfaction?† Journal of Marketing, 69 (4) 201–209. Thomas, G. 2011, Animals, International Law, International Trade, and Morality, Netherlands: Kluwer Law International.

Market government Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Market government - Article Example However the generally accepted view points out to the housing bubble to be the prime reason. It all started with the collapse of Lehman Brothers and quickly penetrated into the market causing turbulence and system crash. This recession did not take place as a result of a business cycle that generally affects each and every economy. A number of reasons underlie this particular case of financial crisis including that of the shocks arising in the general business cycles which has been instrumental in disrupting the labor market equilibrium in the United States. The entire issue of the financial crisis is to be reviewed from all the angles of economics including the neoclassical, mixed liberal and the radical points of view to have a perspective of the entire event. This paper will enlighten the various perspectives put forward by the different schools of thoughts and accordingly place their views in the following paragraphs. The Neo Classical economists base their theories on the microeconomic principles which include the optimization of the individuals and firms and to determine the equilibrium price and output in the economy using the market forces of demand and supply. The theory considers that the people make rational decisions based on the information that they have about the market. The neoclassical economists explain the fluctuations in the economies as a result of the upturn of the business cycles in the economy (Blanchard, 2000). The economic variables that generally behave in a particular fashion in order to result in a recession have behaved in a most unusual manner in case of this particular financial crisis. The level of consumption, output investment as well as the employment of labor was much low. By analysis of the economic variables it was found that the crisis of the present period is much more severe compared to that of the Great Depression of 1937 or any other recessions that have ta ken place in the world. The drop in the level of

Why did Peace Fail in 1914 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Why did Peace Fail in 1914 - Essay Example The main European countries that had developed considerable power in the continent included Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy and Russia (Keegan, 1999, p38-39). This paper explores various factors that made it virtually impossible for peace to prevail during the First World War. First World War broke out shortly after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir apparent to the Hapsburg throne by Serbian terrorists in 1914. However, the incident was not the cause, but a catalyst for large scale conflict that had been looming in Europe for a long time. Various factors had contributed significantly to the gradual build up of the war in Europe. Joll and Martel (2006) indentified economic rivalries, increased nationalism, imperialism, and militarism in addition to formation of alliance systems as the major causes of First World War. Economic rivalry among European powers had become intense in the late 19th century and at beginning of the 20th century. According to Kennedy (1988, p72), economic competition for overseas markets, especially between Great Britain and Germany had reached epic levels. According to David (2005), Great Britain was the undisputed economic power in much of the 19th century and its strong military forces had galvanized the country’s position as the leading superpower in Europe and in the world. However, unification of Germany into a nation state accompanied by ambitious economic policies stimulated unprecedented development, which challenged Great Britain’s influence in the continent. One of the major causes of economic rivalry was trade disputes, arising from tariffs imposed on goods of competing countries in the overseas markets. According to Fussel (2000), tariff disputes emerged not only between Germany and Britain, but other growing economies in the region, such as Italy and France, Serbia and Austria, in addition to Germany and Russia among other trading partners. The subsequent economic competition resulted into tense and suspicious relations between concerned countries, making war inevitable. Large-scale militarisation was one of the major consequences of increasing competition between rival countries in Europe. According to Keegan (1999), each country attempted to build and strengthen its military power leading to arms race in European continent. Between 1870 and 1914, David (2005, p107) noted that military expenditure among the competing countries in Europe increased by 300 percent. Most countries introduced mandatory conscription of all citizens above eighteen years into the armed forces. Development of Germany’s military was particularly phenomenal. According to Kennedy (1988, p69), the country had over 8 million soldiers compared to Britain’s 750,000 in 1913. Although Britain had one of the best trained and equipped military, the growth of Germany’s defence forces was a major cause of tension in Europe. According to Fussel (2000), Germany’s military p ower was vastly superior to France, one of Great Britain’s allies. In addition, Germany naval expansion presented a real threat to Great Britain’s security. Germany’s rapid economic growth and superior military presence aggravated its quest for more power and influence in Europe. Germany’s military build up and consistent aggressive rhetoric indicated that the country was prepared for large-scale war, with an intention of challenging other powers in the continent. The period before eruption of First World War was characterized by stiff competition for colonies in other continents especially in Africa and Asia. Industrial revolution in Europe necessitated the need for more natural resources, and

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms as Human Disease Markers Essay Example for Free

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms as Human Disease Markers Essay In using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to match subtle DNA changes with an individual’s susceptibility to a disease of interest, one can start by distinguishing the suspect DNA from a preset standard using the technique of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). In this method, copies of extracted and purified DNA are made using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) before being cut up by preselected restriction endonucleases, and the resulting fragments subjected to electrophoresis. Once a suspect sequence in the fragments obtained is found, it can then be subjected to a sequencing technique that can pinpoint the nature of the SNP. One such method is Pyrosequencing, where a sequencing primer is prepended to the fragment under scrutiny and is mixed with a cocktail composed of a DNA polymerase, ATP sulfurylase, luciferase (the enzyme responsible for making luciferin in luminous animals glow), and apyrase, as well as luciferin and adenosine 5’-phosphosulfate (APS). Deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs, four in total, corresponding to the four DNA bases) are added, one by one, into the reaction mix. For each time a dNTP is added, the polymerase causes the incorporation of the dNTP into the strand at appropriate positions, if any are present, with the simultaneous release of pyrophosphate, in an amount that is equimolar to how much nucleotide was used in incorporation. The pyrophosphate reacts with the APS, catalyzed by ATP sulfurylase, to produce ATP which participates in the chemoluminescence reaction of luciferin and luciferase. The amount of visible light generated by the reaction is proportional to the amount of ATP generated, and this is recorded by a special camera and noted as a peak into what is called a Pyrogram. How much light is generated depends on how much dNTP was used up. Any unused dNTP and ATP present in the mix is degraded by the apyrase. The sequence of the fragment can then be read off from the peaks of the gradually being produced Pyrogram. Specially constructed software can then spot SNPs by comparing the Pyrogram of the fragment of interest with known Pyrograms. By using an â€Å"association study†, where people with the trait and a control group are compared with regards to the presence of â€Å"marker alleles†, or alleles that can be shown to be present only in people with the disease. SNPs are convenient for this purpose since SNPs are easily inheritable and occur usually more frequently in genes than the other possible variations. This is most useful for diseases that can be shown to be influenced by only a single gene, for association is difficult enough when done on a single gene. Accuracy in identification can be had by having the affected and the control be as closely related as possible, since differences that might be disease-related will be easier to spot. References: Ronagi, M. Elahi, E. (2002). Discovery of single nucleotide polymorphisms and mutations by Pyrosequencing. Comparative and Functional Genomics, 3(1), 51-56. Li, M., Boehnke, M., Abecasis, G. R. (2006). Efficient study designs for test of genetic association using sibship data and unrelated cases and controls, The American Journal of Human Genetics, 78, 778–792.

The Destruction of Family in 1984 :: essays research papers

The family unit of Oceania in George Orwell’s book, 1984, plays an important part to society. These families are broken rather than households of affection and comfort. Oceania’s government, called the Party, controls the families in every aspect. With these non-existent families, there is a cycle of breaking down of family and a stronger Party as times passes until a there is force strong enough to end it. These families that lead to corruption in society should be avoided in order to prevent a totalitarian government from rising. In order to keep their power, the government purposefully breaks up families in Oceania. The pieces of these hollow and artificial families are the building blocks of the vast and manipulative Party. Families need to be non-existent so that the people cannot unite or feel loved. However, the Party also needs to have total control over the children. In Oceania, it is normal to turn other people in when you have any suspicions that the person does not have genuine love for the Party. Even family members give each other up. The government-controlled families create a cycle of breaking down of family and a stronger Party. The future families that will produce more probes disguised as children. With more children taught to continue the legacy of the Party, there is increased authority of the government. As government gains more power, the people lose will over their own lives. This should not be the way of life for people, where you can be erased from history at any given time. There is no doubt that there are many families that are just as and maybe more inexpressive and false than the families in Oceania. However, the greater masses of the people don’t believe in a strict society of absolute control. If enough families were to border upon the Parsons family, then the domino line would be in effect. Through his book, Orwell attempts to warn us that the destruction of families is dangerous. If allowed to continue, the government will have too much control over a mindless society that could be turne d any which way the ruling class chooses. Ultimately, dysfunctional families create a selfish and unsuspecting society that is ruled by a government of great dominance over the people. The Destruction of Family in 1984 :: essays research papers The family unit of Oceania in George Orwell’s book, 1984, plays an important part to society. These families are broken rather than households of affection and comfort. Oceania’s government, called the Party, controls the families in every aspect. With these non-existent families, there is a cycle of breaking down of family and a stronger Party as times passes until a there is force strong enough to end it. These families that lead to corruption in society should be avoided in order to prevent a totalitarian government from rising. In order to keep their power, the government purposefully breaks up families in Oceania. The pieces of these hollow and artificial families are the building blocks of the vast and manipulative Party. Families need to be non-existent so that the people cannot unite or feel loved. However, the Party also needs to have total control over the children. In Oceania, it is normal to turn other people in when you have any suspicions that the person does not have genuine love for the Party. Even family members give each other up. The government-controlled families create a cycle of breaking down of family and a stronger Party. The future families that will produce more probes disguised as children. With more children taught to continue the legacy of the Party, there is increased authority of the government. As government gains more power, the people lose will over their own lives. This should not be the way of life for people, where you can be erased from history at any given time. There is no doubt that there are many families that are just as and maybe more inexpressive and false than the families in Oceania. However, the greater masses of the people don’t believe in a strict society of absolute control. If enough families were to border upon the Parsons family, then the domino line would be in effect. Through his book, Orwell attempts to warn us that the destruction of families is dangerous. If allowed to continue, the government will have too much control over a mindless society that could be turne d any which way the ruling class chooses. Ultimately, dysfunctional families create a selfish and unsuspecting society that is ruled by a government of great dominance over the people.

Merchant Banking

Merchant Banking Merchant banking may be defined as, â€Å"an institution which covers a wide range of activities such as management of customer services, portfolio management, credit syndication, acceptance credit, counselling, insurance, etc. † Merchant Banks are popularly known as â€Å"issuing and accepting houses†. They offer a package of financial services. Unlike in the past, their activities are now primarily non-fund based. One of the basic requirements of merchant banks is highly professional staff with skills and worldwide contacts.The basic function of merchant banks is marketing corporate and other securities, that is guaranteeing sales and distribution of securities. All the aspects- origination, underwriting and distribution of the sale of industrial securities are handled by them. They are experts and good judges of the type, timing and terms of issues and make them acceptable to investors under prevailing preferences and market conditions, and at the sa me time afford the borrowing company, flexibility and freedom that it needs to meet possible future contingencies.They guarantee the success of issues by underwriting them. They also provide all the services related to receiving applications, allotment, collecting money, sending share certificates and so on. The merchant banker normally does not assume all the risk himself while underwriting the issue. Merchant banks offer services also to investors. The range of activities offered by merchant banks is much wider than sponsoring public issues of industrial securities. They offer project finance, syndication of credit, corporate advisory services, mutual fund investments, investment management etc.Services of Merchant Banks †¢ Project Counselling: Project counselling includes preparation of project reports, deciding upon the financing pattern to finance the cost of the project and appraising the project report with the financial institutions or banks. It also includes filling up of application forms with relevant information for obtaining funds from financial institutions and obtaining government approval. †¢ Issue Management: Management of issue involves marketing of corporate securities viz. equity shares, preference shares and debentures or bonds by offering them to public.Merchant banks act as an intermediary whose main job is to transfer capital from those who own it to those who need it. After taking action as per SEBI guidelines, the merchant banker arranges a meeting with company representatives and advertising agents to finalise arrangements relating to date of opening and closing of issue, registration of prospectus, launching publicity campaign and fixing date of board meeting to approve and sign prospectus and pass the necessary resolutions. Pricing of issues is done by the companies in consultant with the merchant bankers. †¢ Underwriting of Public Issue:Underwriting is a guarantee given by the underwriter that in the event of under subscription, the amount underwritten would be subscribed by him. Banks/Merchant banking subsidiaries cannot underwrite more than 15% of any issue. †¢ Managers, Consultants or Advisers to the Issue: The managers to the issue assist in the drafting of prospectus, application forms and completion of formalities under the Companies Act, appointment of Registrar for dealing with share applications and transfer and listing of shares of the company on the stock exchange. Companies can appoint one or more agencies as managers to the issue. Portfolio Management: Portfolio refers to investment in different kinds of securities such as shares, debentures or bonds issued by different companies and government securities. Portfolio management refers to maintaining proper combinations of securities in a manner that they give maximum return with minimum risk. †¢ Advisory Service Relating to Mergers and Takeovers: A merger is a combination of two companies into a single company where one s urvives and other loses its corporate existence. A takeover is the purchase by one company acquiring controlling interest in the share capital of another existing company.Merchant bankers are the middlemen in setting negotiation between the two companies. †¢ Off Shore Finance: The merchant bankers help their clients in the following areas involving foreign currency. (a) Long term foreign currency loans (b) Joint Ventures abroad (c) Financing exports and imports (d) Foreign collaboration arrangements †¢ Non-resident Investment: The services of merchant banker includes investment advisory services to NRI in terms of identification of investment opportunities, selection of securities, investment management, and operational services like purchase and sale of securities. †¢ Loan Syndication:Loan syndication refers to assistance rendered by merchant bankers to get mainly term loans for projects. Such loans may be obtained from a single development finance institution or a s yndicate or consortium. Merchant bankers help corporate clients to raise syndicated loans from banks or financial institutions. †¢ Corporate Counselling: Corporate counselling covers the entire field of merchant banking activities viz. project counselling, capital restructuring, public issue management, loan syndication, working capital, fixed deposit, lease financing acceptance credit, etc. bibliography a manual on merchant banking by JC Verma Merchant Banking Merchant Banking Merchant banking may be defined as, â€Å"an institution which covers a wide range of activities such as management of customer services, portfolio management, credit syndication, acceptance credit, counselling, insurance, etc. † Merchant Banks are popularly known as â€Å"issuing and accepting houses†. They offer a package of financial services. Unlike in the past, their activities are now primarily non-fund based. One of the basic requirements of merchant banks is highly professional staff with skills and worldwide contacts.The basic function of merchant banks is marketing corporate and other securities, that is guaranteeing sales and distribution of securities. All the aspects- origination, underwriting and distribution of the sale of industrial securities are handled by them. They are experts and good judges of the type, timing and terms of issues and make them acceptable to investors under prevailing preferences and market conditions, and at the sa me time afford the borrowing company, flexibility and freedom that it needs to meet possible future contingencies.They guarantee the success of issues by underwriting them. They also provide all the services related to receiving applications, allotment, collecting money, sending share certificates and so on. The merchant banker normally does not assume all the risk himself while underwriting the issue. Merchant banks offer services also to investors. The range of activities offered by merchant banks is much wider than sponsoring public issues of industrial securities. They offer project finance, syndication of credit, corporate advisory services, mutual fund investments, investment management etc.Services of Merchant Banks †¢ Project Counselling: Project counselling includes preparation of project reports, deciding upon the financing pattern to finance the cost of the project and appraising the project report with the financial institutions or banks. It also includes filling up of application forms with relevant information for obtaining funds from financial institutions and obtaining government approval. †¢ Issue Management: Management of issue involves marketing of corporate securities viz. equity shares, preference shares and debentures or bonds by offering them to public.Merchant banks act as an intermediary whose main job is to transfer capital from those who own it to those who need it. After taking action as per SEBI guidelines, the merchant banker arranges a meeting with company representatives and advertising agents to finalise arrangements relating to date of opening and closing of issue, registration of prospectus, launching publicity campaign and fixing date of board meeting to approve and sign prospectus and pass the necessary resolutions. Pricing of issues is done by the companies in consultant with the merchant bankers. †¢ Underwriting of Public Issue:Underwriting is a guarantee given by the underwriter that in the event of under subscription, the amount underwritten would be subscribed by him. Banks/Merchant banking subsidiaries cannot underwrite more than 15% of any issue. †¢ Managers, Consultants or Advisers to the Issue: The managers to the issue assist in the drafting of prospectus, application forms and completion of formalities under the Companies Act, appointment of Registrar for dealing with share applications and transfer and listing of shares of the company on the stock exchange. Companies can appoint one or more agencies as managers to the issue. Portfolio Management: Portfolio refers to investment in different kinds of securities such as shares, debentures or bonds issued by different companies and government securities. Portfolio management refers to maintaining proper combinations of securities in a manner that they give maximum return with minimum risk. †¢ Advisory Service Relating to Mergers and Takeovers: A merger is a combination of two companies into a single company where one s urvives and other loses its corporate existence. A takeover is the purchase by one company acquiring controlling interest in the share capital of another existing company.Merchant bankers are the middlemen in setting negotiation between the two companies. †¢ Off Shore Finance: The merchant bankers help their clients in the following areas involving foreign currency. (a) Long term foreign currency loans (b) Joint Ventures abroad (c) Financing exports and imports (d) Foreign collaboration arrangements †¢ Non-resident Investment: The services of merchant banker includes investment advisory services to NRI in terms of identification of investment opportunities, selection of securities, investment management, and operational services like purchase and sale of securities. †¢ Loan Syndication:Loan syndication refers to assistance rendered by merchant bankers to get mainly term loans for projects. Such loans may be obtained from a single development finance institution or a s yndicate or consortium. Merchant bankers help corporate clients to raise syndicated loans from banks or financial institutions. †¢ Corporate Counselling: Corporate counselling covers the entire field of merchant banking activities viz. project counselling, capital restructuring, public issue management, loan syndication, working capital, fixed deposit, lease financing acceptance credit, etc. bibliography a manual on merchant banking by JC Verma